Batteries are not a silver bullet to replace fossil fuels, as the MIT Sloane En-Roads online tool shows in detail: https://www.climateinteractive.org/en-roads/

In fact, with only 10mbpd of oil demand likely to be offset by EVs by 2035, increased aviation and trucking could increase overall oil demand if no focus on hydrogen refuelling is adhered to.

Electrolysis and fuel cell technology is improving continuously, and for EU steel for example, 30% of coal is planned to be replaced by hydrogen by 2030.

The entire EU grid is also shifting to hydrogen as fully planned by the TSOs (gas and electricity) and written into law.

Without a strong focus on decarbonising heavy transport, industry and seasonal energy storage in colder countries via hydrogen, it is extremely unlikely that batteries or as-yet-unproven novel technologies will replace diesel, kerosene, coal and gas.

One single energy type globally makes a lot of sense, and many countries are striving to build these value chains now.

The 'batteries and solar panels' narrative is ubiquitous, but alone these technologies are very unlikely to bring us to net zero.